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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NoSQL</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Structured storage" redirects here. For the Microsoft technology, see <a href="COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured Storage</a>.</div>

</p><p><b>NoSQL</b> (originally meaning "<b>N</b>ot <b>o</b>nly <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>" or "non-relational")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to a type of <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> design that stores and retrieves data differently from the traditional table-based structure of <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>. Unlike relational databases, which organize data into rows and columns like a spreadsheet, NoSQL databases use a single data structure—such as <a href="Key-value_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value database">key–value pairs</a>, <a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">wide columns</a>, <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graphs</a>, or <a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">documents</a>—to hold information. Since this non-relational design does not require a fixed <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a>, it scales easily to manage large, often unstructured datasets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NoSQL systems are sometimes called <i>"Not only SQL"</i> because they can support <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>-like query languages or work alongside SQL databases in <a href="Polyglot_persistence" title="Polyglot persistence">polyglot-persistent</a> setups, where multiple database types are combined.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-relational databases date back to the late 1960s, but the term "NoSQL" emerged in the early 2000s, spurred by the needs of <a href="Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> companies like social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>NoSQL databases are popular in <a href="Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> and <a href="Real-time_web" title="Real-time web">real-time web</a> applications due to their simple design, ability to scale across <a href="Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">clusters of machines</a> (called <a href="Horizontal_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal scaling">horizontal scaling</a>), and precise control over data <a href="Availability" title="Availability">availability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leavitt6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leavitt6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures can speed up certain tasks and are often considered more adaptable than fixed database tables.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many NoSQL systems prioritize speed and availability over strict consistency (per the <a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a>), using <a href="Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a>—where updates reach all nodes eventually, typically within milliseconds, but may cause brief delays in accessing the latest data, known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stale_read" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:stale read">stale reads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most lack full <a href="ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transaction support, some, like <a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, include it as a key feature.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barriers_to_adoption">Barriers to adoption</h2></div>

<p>Barriers to wider NoSQL adoption include their use of low-level <a href="Query_language" title="Query language">query languages</a> instead of SQL, inability to perform ad hoc <a href="Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">joins</a> across tables, lack of standardized interfaces, and significant investments already made in relational databases.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some NoSQL systems risk <a href="Data_loss" title="Data loss">losing data</a> through lost writes or other forms, though features like <a href="Write-ahead_logging" title="Write-ahead logging">write-ahead logging</a>—a method to record changes before they’re applied—can help prevent this.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="Distributed_transaction_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed transaction processing">distributed transaction processing</a> across multiple databases, keeping data consistent is a challenge for both NoSQL and relational systems, as relational databases cannot enforce rules linking separate databases, and few systems support both <a href="ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transactions and <a href="X/Open_XA" title="X/Open XA">X/Open XA</a> standards for managing distributed updates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limitations within the interface environment are overcome using semantic virtualization protocols, such that NoSQL services are accessible to most <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The term <i>NoSQL</i> was used by Carlo Strozzi in 1998 to name his lightweight <a href="Strozzi_NoSQL_(RDBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strozzi NoSQL (RDBMS)">Strozzi NoSQL open-source relational database</a> that did not expose the standard <a href="SQL" title="SQL">Structured Query Language</a> (SQL) interface, but was still relational.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His NoSQL <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">RDBMS</a> is distinct from the around-2009 general concept of NoSQL databases. Strozzi suggests that, because the current NoSQL movement "departs from the relational model altogether, it should therefore have been called more appropriately 'NoREL'",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to "not relational".

</p><p>Johan Oskarsson, then a developer at <a href="Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a>, reintroduced the term <i>NoSQL</i> in early 2009 when he organized an event to discuss "<a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> <a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">distributed, non-relational databases</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name attempted to label the emergence of an increasing number of non-relational, distributed data stores, including open source clones of Google's <a href="Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>/<a href="MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a> and Amazon's <a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_examples">Types and examples</h2></div>

<p>There are various ways to classify NoSQL databases, with different categories and subcategories, some of which overlap. What follows is a non-exhaustive classification by data model, with examples:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Notable examples of this type

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Key–value cache</td>

<td><a href="Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a>, <a href="Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="Oracle_Coherence" title="Oracle Coherence">Coherence</a>, <a href="IBM_WebSphere_eXtreme_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale">eXtreme Scale</a>, <a href="Hazelcast" title="Hazelcast">Hazelcast</a>, <a href="Infinispan" title="Infinispan">Infinispan</a>, <a href="Memcached" title="Memcached">Memcached</a>, <a href="Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a>, Velocity

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value store</a></td>

<td><a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a>, <a href="Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Key–value store (eventually consistent)</td>

<td><a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="Oracle_NoSQL_Database" title="Oracle NoSQL Database">Oracle NoSQL Database</a>, <a href="Riak" title="Riak">Riak</a>, <a href="Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Key–value store (ordered)</td>

<td><a href="FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a>, <a href="InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a>, <a href="Lightning_Memory-Mapped_Database" title="Lightning Memory-Mapped Database">LMDB</a>, <a href="MemcacheDB" title="MemcacheDB">MemcacheDB</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tuple store</td>

<td><a href="Jini" title="Jini">Apache River</a>, <a href="GigaSpaces" title="GigaSpaces">GigaSpaces</a>, <a href="Tarantool" title="Tarantool">Tarantool</a>, <a href="TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO</a> ActiveSpaces, <a href="Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a>

</td>

<td><a href="AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a>, <a href="MarkLogic_Server" title="MarkLogic Server">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="Ontotext" title="Ontotext">Ontotext-OWLIM</a>, <a href="Oracle_NoSQL_Database" title="Oracle NoSQL Database">Oracle NoSQL database</a>, Profium Sense, <a href="Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso Universal Server</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object database</a></td>

<td><a href="Objectivity/DB" title="Objectivity/DB">Objectivity/DB</a>, <a href="Perst" title="Perst">Perst</a>, <a href="Zope_Object_Database" title="Zope Object Database">ZODB</a>, <a href="Db4o" title="Db4o">db4o</a>, <a href="Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">GemStone/S</a>, <a href="InterSystems_Cach%C3%A9" title="InterSystems Caché">InterSystems Caché</a>, <a href="JADE_(programming_language)" title="JADE (programming language)">JADE</a>, <a href="ObjectDatabase%2B%2B" title="ObjectDatabase++">ObjectDatabase++</a>, <a href="ObjectDB" title="ObjectDB">ObjectDB</a>, <a href="ObjectStore" title="ObjectStore">ObjectStore</a>, <a href="Odaba" title="Odaba">ODABA</a>, <a href="Realm_(database)" title="Realm (database)">Realm</a>, <a href="Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a>, <a href="Versant_Object_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Versant Object Database">Versant Object Database</a>, <a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">Indexed Database API</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document store</a></td>

<td><a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="BaseX" title="BaseX">BaseX</a>, <a href="Clusterpoint" title="Clusterpoint">Clusterpoint</a>, <a href="Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a>, <a href="DocumentDB" class="mw-redirect" title="DocumentDB">DocumentDB</a>, <a href="EXist" title="EXist">eXist-db</a>, <a href="Firestore" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestore">Google Cloud Firestore</a>, <a href="Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">IBM Domino</a>, <a href="MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="RavenDB" title="RavenDB">RavenDB</a>, <a href="Qizx" title="Qizx">Qizx</a>, <a href="RethinkDB" title="RethinkDB">RethinkDB</a>, <a href="Elasticsearch" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a>, <a href="OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></td>

<td><a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>, <a href="Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Google Cloud Datastore</a>, <a href="Apache_HBase" title="Apache HBase">HBase</a>, <a href="Hypertable" title="Hypertable">Hypertable</a>, <a href="Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Native multi-model database</td>

<td><a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>, <a href="MarkLogic_Server" title="MarkLogic Server">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a>, <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a>, AgensGraph

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a>, <a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="Apache_Giraph" title="Apache Giraph">Apache Giraph</a>, <a href="GUN_(graph_database)" title="GUN (graph database)">GUN (Graph Universe Node)</a>, <a href="InfiniteGraph" title="InfiniteGraph">InfiniteGraph</a>, <a href="MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="Neo4J" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo4J">Neo4J</a>, <a href="OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>, <a href="Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MultiValue" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">Multivalue database</a>

</td>

<td>D3 <a href="Pick_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick database">Pick database</a>, <a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a> (ESE/NT), <a href="InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a>, <a href="InterSystems_Cach%C3%A9" title="InterSystems Caché">InterSystems Caché</a>, jBASE <a href="Pick_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick database">Pick database</a>, mvBase <a href="Rocket_Software" title="Rocket Software">Rocket Software</a>, mvEnterprise <a href="Rocket_Software" title="Rocket Software">Rocket Software</a>, <a href="Northgate_Information_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Northgate Information Solutions">Northgate Information Solutions</a> Reality (the original Pick/MV Database), OpenQM, Revelation Software's OpenInsight (Windows) and Advanced Revelation (DOS), UniData <a href="Rocket_U2" title="Rocket U2">Rocket U2</a>, UniVerse <a href="Rocket_U2" title="Rocket U2">Rocket U2</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key–value_store">Key–value store</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value database</a></div>

<p>Key–value (KV) stores use the <a href="Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a> (also called a map or dictionary) as their fundamental data model. In this model, data is represented as a collection of key–value pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The key–value model is one of the simplest non-trivial data models, and richer data models are often implemented as an extension of it. The key–value model can be extended to a discretely ordered model that maintains keys in <a href="Lexicographical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical order">lexicographic order</a>. This extension is computationally powerful, in that it can efficiently retrieve selective key <i>ranges</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Key–value stores can use <a href="Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency models</a> ranging from <a href="Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a> to <a href="Serializability" class="mw-redirect" title="Serializability">serializability</a>. Some databases support ordering of keys. There are various hardware implementations, and some users store data in memory (RAM), while others on <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSD) or <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">rotating disks</a> (aka hard disk drive (HDD)).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_store">Document store</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented database</a> and <a href="XML_database" title="XML database">XML database</a></div>

<p>The central concept of a document store is that of a "document". While the details of this definition differ among document-oriented databases, they all assume that documents encapsulate and encode data (or information) in some standard formats or encodings. Encodings in use include <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a>, and <a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> and <a href="Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> forms like <a href="BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a>. Documents are addressed in the database via a unique <i>key</i> that represents that document. Another defining characteristic of a document-oriented database is an <a href="API" title="API">API</a> or query language to retrieve documents based on their contents.

</p><p>Different implementations offer different ways of organizing and/or grouping documents:

</p>

<ul><li>Collections</li>

<li>Non-visible <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a></li>

<li>Directory hierarchies</li></ul>

<p>Compared to relational databases, collections could be considered analogous to tables and documents analogous to records. But they are different – every record in a table has the same sequence of fields, while documents in a collection may have fields that are completely different.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graph">Graph</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a></div>

<p>Graph databases are designed for data whose relations are well represented as a <a href="Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a> consisting of elements connected by a finite number of relations. Examples of data include <a href="Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a>, public transport links, road maps, network topologies, etc.

</p>

<dl><dt>Graph databases and their query language</dt></dl>

<th>Language(s)</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>AgensGraph</td>

<td><a href="Cypher_(query_language)" title="Cypher (query language)">Cypher</a></td>

<td>Multi-model <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a></td>

<td><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>

<td><a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Amazon_Neptune" title="Amazon Neptune">Amazon Neptune</a></td>

<td><a href="Gremlin_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremlin (programming language)">Gremlin</a>, <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a></td>

<td>AQL, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></td>

<td>Multi-model DBMS <a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document</a>, <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> and <a href="Key-value_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value store">Key-value store</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a></td>

<td><a href="Gremlin_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremlin (programming language)">Gremlin</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="DEX_(Graph_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEX (Graph database)">DEX/Sparksee</a></td>

<td><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="FlockDB" title="FlockDB">FlockDB</a></td>

<td><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="GUN_(graph_database)" title="GUN (graph database)">GUN (Graph Universe Node)</a></td>

<td><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>

<td><a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store added in DB2 10

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="InfiniteGraph" title="InfiniteGraph">InfiniteGraph</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="JanusGraph" title="JanusGraph">JanusGraph</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a></td>

<td><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, <a href="XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></td>

<td>Multi-model <a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document database</a> and <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cypher_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypher Query Language">Cypher</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a></td>

<td><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>

<td><a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a> and <a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">database engine</a> hybrid

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a></td>

<td><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL 1.1</a></td>

<td><a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store added in 11g

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a></td>

<td>Multi-model <a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document</a> and <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ontotext" title="Ontotext">OWLIM</a></td>

<td><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL 1.1</a></td>

<td><a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Profium Sense</td>

<td><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td>

<td><a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Redis" title="Redis">RedisGraph</a></td>

<td><a href="Cypher_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypher Query Language">Cypher</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sqrrl" title="Sqrrl">Sqrrl Enterprise</a></td>

<td><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TerminusDB" title="TerminusDB">TerminusDB</a>

</td>

<td>JavaScript, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Datalog" title="Datalog">datalog</a>

</td>

<td>Open source RDF triple-store and document store<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div>

<p>The performance of NoSQL databases is usually evaluated using the metric of <a href="Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a>, which is measured as operations per second. Performance evaluation must pay attention to the right <a href="Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarks</a> such as production configurations, parameters of the databases, anticipated data volume, and concurrent user <a href="Workload" title="Workload">workloads</a>.

</p><p>Ben Scofield rated different categories of NoSQL databases as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Data model</th>

<th>Performance</th>

<th>Scalability</th>

<th>Flexibility</th>

<th>Complexity</th>

<th>Data integrity</th>

<th>Functionality

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Key–value store</td>

<td>variable (none)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Column-oriented store</td>

<td>moderate</td>

<td>minimal

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Document-oriented store</td>

<td>variable (high)</td>

<td>variable (low)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Graph database</td>

<td>variable</td>

<td><a href="Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Relational database</td>

<td>variable</td>

<td>moderate</td>

<td><a href="Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">relational algebra</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Performance and scalability comparisons are most commonly done using the <a href="YCSB" title="YCSB">YCSB</a> benchmark.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handling_relational_data">Handling relational data</h2></div>

<p>Since most NoSQL databases lack ability for joins in queries, the <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a> generally needs to be designed differently. There are three main techniques for handling relational data in a NoSQL database. (See <a href="#ACID_and_join_support">table join and ACID support</a> for NoSQL databases that support joins.)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_queries">Multiple queries</h3></div>

<p>Instead of retrieving all the data with one query, it is common to do several queries to get the desired data. NoSQL queries are often faster than traditional SQL queries, so the cost of additional queries may be acceptable. If an excessive number of queries would be necessary, one of the other two approaches is more appropriate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caching,_replication_and_non-normalized_data">Caching, replication and non-normalized data</h3></div>

<p>Instead of only storing foreign keys, it is common to store actual foreign values along with the model's data. For example, each blog comment might include the username in addition to a user id, thus providing easy access to the username without requiring another lookup. When a username changes, however, this will now need to be changed in many places in the database. Thus this approach works better when reads are much more common than writes.<sup id="cite_ref-DataModeling-Couchbase.com_November_11_2019c_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DataModeling-Couchbase.com_November_11_2019c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nesting_data">Nesting data</h3></div>

<p>With document databases like MongoDB it is common to put more data in a smaller number of collections. For example, in a blogging application, one might choose to store comments within the blog post document, so that with a single retrieval one gets all the comments. Thus in this approach a single document contains all the data needed for a specific task.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ACID_and_join_support">ACID and join support</h2></div>

<p>A database is marked as supporting <a href="ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) or <a href="Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">join</a> operations if the documentation for the database makes that claim. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that the capability is fully supported in a manner similar to most SQL databases.

</p>

<th>Database</th>

<th>Joins

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a></td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>AgensGraph</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a></td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a></td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a></td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-MarkLogicJoins-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarkLogicJoins_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joins do not necessarily apply to document databases, but MarkLogic can do joins using semantics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MongoDBJoin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MongoDBJoin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MongoDB did not support joining from a sharded collection until version 5.1.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OrientDBJoin-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OrientDBJoin_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OrientDB can resolve 1:1 joins using links by storing direct links to foreign records.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Query_optimization_and_indexing_in_NoSQL_databases">Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases</h2></div>

<p>Different NoSQL databases, such as <a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a>, <a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="Couchbase_Server" title="Couchbase Server">Couchbase</a>, HBase, and Redis, exhibit varying behaviors when querying non-indexed fields. Many perform full-table or collection scans for such queries, applying filtering operations after retrieving data. However, modern NoSQL databases often incorporate advanced features to optimize query performance. For example, MongoDB supports compound indexes and query-optimization strategies, Cassandra offers secondary indexes and materialized views, and Redis employs custom indexing mechanisms tailored to specific use cases. Systems like Elasticsearch use inverted indexes for efficient text-based searches, but they can still require full scans for non-indexed fields. This behavior reflects the design focus of many NoSQL systems on scalability and efficient key-based operations rather than optimized querying for arbitrary fields. Consequently, while these databases excel at basic <a href="Create%2C_read%2C_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a> operations and key-based lookups, their suitability for complex queries involving joins or non-indexed filtering varies depending on the database type—document, key–value, wide-column, or graph—and the specific implementation. <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">Comparison of object database management systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Comparison of structured storage software</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_scalability" title="Database scalability">Database scalability</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_cache" title="Distributed cache">Distributed cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Faceted_search" title="Faceted search">Faceted search</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiValue" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">MultiValue</a> database</li>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model database</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema-agnostic_databases" title="Schema-agnostic databases">Schema-agnostic databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_database" title="Vector database">Vector database</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nosql-database.org/">http://nosql-database.org/</a> "NoSQL DEFINITION: Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some of the points : being non-relational, distributed, open-source and horizontally scalable".</span>

</li>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSadalageFowler2012" class="citation book cs1">Sadalage, Pramod; <a href="Martin_Fowler_(software_engineer)" title="Martin Fowler (software engineer)">Fowler, Martin</a> (2012). <i>NoSQL Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Emerging World of Polyglot Persistence</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-321-82662-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcCrearyKelly2013" class="citation book cs1">McCreary, Dan; Kelly, Ann (2013). <i>Making Sense of NoSQL: A guide for managers and the rest of us</i>. Manning. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781617291074</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWiese2015" class="citation book cs1">Wiese, Lena (2015). <i>Advanced Data Management for SQL, NoSQL, Cloud and Distributed Databases</i>. DeGruyter/Oldenbourg. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-044140-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStrauch2012" class="citation web cs1">Strauch, Christof (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christof-strauch.de/nosqldbs.pdf">"NoSQL Databases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoniruzzamanHossain2013" class="citation arxiv cs1">Moniruzzaman, A. B.; Hossain, S. A. (2013). "NoSQL Database: New Era of Databases for Big data Analytics - Classification, Characteristics and Comparison". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0191">1307.0191</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.DB">cs.DB</a>].</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOrend2013" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Orend, Kai (2013). "Analysis and Classification of NoSQL Databases and Evaluation of their Ability to Replace an Object-relational Persistence Layer". <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.184.483">10.1.1.184.483</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKrishnanKulkarniDadbhawala" class="citation web cs1">Krishnan, Ganesh; Kulkarni, Sarang; Dadbhawala, Dharmesh Kirit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US7383272?oq=ganesh+krishnan">"Method and system for versioned sharing, consolidating and reporting information"</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFStrauch" class="citation web cs1">Strauch, Christof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christof-strauch.de/nosqldbs.pdf">"NoSQL whitepaper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stuttgart: Hochschule der Medien.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEdlich" class="citation web cs1">Edlich, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nosql-database.org/">"NoSQL database List"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer2010" class="citation web cs1">Neubauer, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/graph-nosql-neo4j">"Graph Databases, NOSQL and Neo4j"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBushik2012" class="citation web cs1">Bushik, Sergey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/665327/tech-primers-a-vendor-independent-comparison-of-nosql-databases-cassandra-hbase-mongodb-riak.html">"A vendor-independent comparison of NoSQL databases: Cassandra, HBase, MongoDB, Riak"</a>. NetworkWorld.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZicari2014" class="citation web cs1">Zicari, Roberto V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odbms.org/category/downloads/nosql-data-stores/nosql-data-stores-articles/">"NoSQL Data Stores – Articles, Papers, Presentations"</a>. <i>odbms.org</i>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Database_management_systems327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Armstrong's_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li>

<li><a href="Codd's_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li>

<li><a href="PACELC_design_principle" title="PACELC design principle">PACELC design principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li>

<li><a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li>

<li>Database storage</li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li>

<li><a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=NoSQL&oldid=1302388539">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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